Intimal hyperplasia after vascular injury is inhibited by antisense cdk 2 kinase oligonucleotides. Morishita R, Gibbons GH, Ellison KE, Nakajima M, von der Leyen H, Zhang L, Kaneda Y, Dzau VJ. Site-specific gene expression in vivo by direct gene transfer into the arterial wall. Hormonal modulation of a gene injected into rat heart in vivo. Kitsis RN, Buttrick PM, McNally EM, Kaplan ML, Leinwand LA. Expression of recombinant genes in myocardium in vivo after direct injection of DNA. Lin H, Parmacek MS, Morie G, Bolling S, Leiden JM. Direct gene transfer into mouse muscle in vivo. Wolff JA, Malone RW, Williams P, Chong W, Acsadi G, Jani A, Feigner PL. Intramembrane charge movement restored in dysgenic skeletal muscle by injection of dihydropyridine receptor cDNAs. Cell 1980 22: 479–488.Īdams BA, Tanabe T, Mikami A, Numa S, Beam KG.

High efficiency transformation by direct microinjection of DNA into mammalian cells. Lipofection: a highly efficient, lipid mediated DNA-transfection procedure. 81.įeigner PL, Gader TR, Holm M, Roman R, Chan HW, Wenz M, Northrop JP, Ringold GM, Danielsen M. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, 1989, pp. 1990s: scope, concepts, potentials, and perspectives. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1988 20: 355–366.ĭzau VJ, Gibbons GH, Cooke JP, Omoigui N. Molecular biology in cardiology, a paradigmatic shift. Dissections and reconstructions of genes and chromosomes. In: Alexander RW, Schlant RC, Fuster V, eds. Gene therapy of cardiovascular disorders. Clinical Trials of Genetic Therapy with Antisense DNA and DNA Vectors. A brief history of genetic therapy: gene therapy, antisense technology, and genomics. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. The elucidation of molecular and cellular pathobiological processes of diseases has depended on (1) in vitro cell culture experiments, (2) studies of gene expression in experimental animal models or human specimens using Northern blot, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), or in situ hybridization, and (3) the development of transgenic animal models and the use of homologous recombination.

New therapeutic approaches are moving from biochemically designed pharmaceuticals to genetically engineered tools for the treatment of diseases. This paradigmatic shift in medicine led to a change of the view of pathophysiology from a more biochemical interpretation to the recognition of disease as a molecular event on the level of gene expression (4,5). The recombinant DNA “breakthrough” has provided us with a new and powerful approach to the questions that have intrigued and plagued humans for centuries (3). In addition, this technology provides the opportunity for the development of novel therapeutic strategies such as gene replacement, gene correction, or gene augmentation paving the way for gene therapy as a therapeutic option for many diseases (1,2). The development of in vivo gene transfer technology has created a powerful new tool for the study of diseases by providing methods to overexpress or to inhibit specific local factors that are believed to contribute to a pathological process.

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